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Intellectual property rights (IPR) infringement in China reduces market opportunities and undermines the profitability of U.S. firms when sales of products and technologies are undercut by competition from illegal, lower-cost imit...
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Intellectual property rights (IPR) infringement in China reduces market opportunities and undermines the profitability of U.S. firms when sales of products and technologies are undercut by competition from illegal, lower-cost imitations. Intellectual property (IP) is often the most valuable asset that a company holds, but many companies, particularly smaller ones, lack the resources and expertise necessary to protect their IP in China. Indigenous innovation policies, which promote the development, commercialization, and purchase of Chinese products and technologies, may also be disadvantaging U.S. and other foreign firms and creating new barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports to China. Chinas World Trade Organization (WTO) accession in 2001 marked a milestone in the countrys integration in the global economy. China has developed into one of the worlds most important growth markets and is now the second-largest U.S. trading partner (after Canada). As one important aspect of WTO accession, China committed to complying with the requirements of the WTO Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. However, IPR infringement in Chinaincluding violations of copyrights, trademarks, patents, and trade secretsremains a central area of U.S. concern in the bilateral trade relationship.
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At the request of Congress, this report examines the United States Patent and Trademark Office's (USPTO) past and future operations, particularly patent applications filed, patents granted, patent application inventory, patent pen...
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At the request of Congress, this report examines the United States Patent and Trademark Office's (USPTO) past and future operations, particularly patent applications filed, patents granted, patent application inventory, patent pendency, patent examiner staffing, and fee collections and funding requirements (agency appropriations); (2) some of the differences between USPTOs Business and Strategic Plans; and (3) changes in the patent fee structure under proposed legislation. The results are summarized in this report.
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The process of archiving Australian Government Records in the National Archives of Australia is non-trivial. Archiving a Department of Defence Software Development Project has added complexities. This document describes and illust...
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The process of archiving Australian Government Records in the National Archives of Australia is non-trivial. Archiving a Department of Defence Software Development Project has added complexities. This document describes and illustrates the steps involved in the archiving of such a project. It also records the process and the issues to be considered, with the intention that others directed toward such a task will not need to rediscover the process and its requirements.
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This paper provides a summary of RFID technology, the policy issues surrounding the use of the technology, and explores the technologys implications for international trade, standards, spectrum, small- to medium-sized enterprises,...
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This paper provides a summary of RFID technology, the policy issues surrounding the use of the technology, and explores the technologys implications for international trade, standards, spectrum, small- to medium-sized enterprises, intellectual property rights, and economic growth. While RFID applications are being tested in both commercial and government applications in the United States, this paper focuses primarily on RFID applications, its benefits and implementation challenges for the U.S. commercial sector.
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At a fundamental level, intellectual property is the core work product of a technical organization. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), produces a variety of intellectual property including: patents, trademar...
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At a fundamental level, intellectual property is the core work product of a technical organization. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), produces a variety of intellectual property including: patents, trademarks, data rights, copyright and rights associated with National Security. For a scientific organization to properly manage its work product it has to manage its intellectual property. This paper endeavors to describe how the intellectual property rights are generated and allocated at NASA. The author then goes on to discuss how the intellectual property might be managed to meet the objectives of program implementation, technology transfer and security.
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This report summarizes the federal civil remedies and criminal penalties that may be available for violations of the rights granted by the federal intellectual property laws: the Copyright Act of 1976, the Patent Act of 1952, the ...
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This report summarizes the federal civil remedies and criminal penalties that may be available for violations of the rights granted by the federal intellectual property laws: the Copyright Act of 1976, the Patent Act of 1952, the Trademark Act of 1946 (conventionally known as the Lanham Act), and the Economic Espionage Act of 1996. Intellectual property (IP) law has four major branches, applicable to different types of subject matter: copyright (original artistic and literary works of authorship), patent (inventions of processes, machines, manufactures, and compositions of matter that are useful, new, and nonobvious), trademark (commercial symbols), and trade secret (confidential, commercially valuable business information). The source of federal copyright and patent law originates with the Copyright and Patent Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which authorizes Congress “To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.”2 By contrast, the Commerce Clause provides the constitutional basis for federal trademark law3 and trade secret law.
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Over the past several decades, antitrust enforcers and the courts have come to recognize that intellectual property laws and antitrust laws share the same fundamental goals of enhancing consumer welfare and promoting innovation.
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The objective of this project is to design a sensor than can accurately determine the presence of a hydrogen fire within its field of view and to eliminate the main cause of false alarms: reflections from the flare stack. Details ...
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The objective of this project is to design a sensor than can accurately determine the presence of a hydrogen fire within its field of view and to eliminate the main cause of false alarms: reflections from the flare stack. Details are given in viewgraph presentation form on the technical approach, initial testing, sensor testing, intellectual property, patented technology, and licensing.
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This report presents the results of research on procurement-related legal and non-211 technical issues which may be constraining the deployment of Intelligent 211 Transportation Systems (ITS). The reports focus is on State and loc...
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This report presents the results of research on procurement-related legal and non-211 technical issues which may be constraining the deployment of Intelligent 211 Transportation Systems (ITS). The reports focus is on State and local procurement 211 practices when Federal funds are involved. Issues arising in early ITS 211 operational tests were researched, with focus on the following topics: types of 211 contracts, methods of award, combined or coordinated procurements, pricing and 211 cost sharing allowability of costs, cost accounting standards and principles, 211 auditing, intellectual property, organizational conflicts of interest, and 211 liability. The report provides findings on each of the above topics and discusses 211 their effects on implementing ITS. Practical procurement techniques, available 211 under existing law, are provided to remove or mitigate potential barriers to 211 deployment. The report is targeted at program managers, contracting officers, and 211 attorneys, and contains many examples and extensive citations for further 211 research to assist both novice and expert practitioners.
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Americans work daily to create a better world. We create products and services that improve the worlds ability to communicate, to learn, to understand diverse cultures and beliefs, to be mobile, to live better and longer lives, to...
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Americans work daily to create a better world. We create products and services that improve the worlds ability to communicate, to learn, to understand diverse cultures and beliefs, to be mobile, to live better and longer lives, to produce and consume energy efficiently and to secure food, nourishment and safety. Most of the value of this work is intangibleit lies in Americas entrepreneurial spirit, our creativity, ingenuity and insistence on progress and in creating a better life for our communities and for communities around the world. These intangible assets, often captured as copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets and other forms of intellectual property, reflect Americas advantage in the global economy.
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